Bulletin of the Karaganda university. Philology series
NLC «Karagandy University of the name of academician E.A. Buketov»
The image of the Ibero-Romance rulers as a linguocultural challenge for cognomological research
This monograph by Vera Kirkova explores the innovative and previously unexamined topic of royal nicknames as linguoculturems within the Ibero-Romance monarchical space. Focusing on Castilian and Portuguese rulers from the High and Late Middle Ages (the Reconquista to the Age of Discovery), the study examines how these historical epithets were formed, transferred, and preserved in collective memory. By combining theoretical frameworks with targeted philological analysis, Kirkova establishes a systematized cognomological model, successfully addressing the complex, multi-layered challenges of linguocultural science.
The Image of Climate Change in Wild Dark Shore by Charlotte McConaghy
The issue of climate change poses innumerable challenges to political [1], societal [2], as well as business actors [3]. Furthermore, climate change impacts negatively on people’s daily lives by affecting their health [4], food and water security [5], well-being [6], and economic stability [7]. In this light, it is hardly surprising that the issue of climate change is amply elucidated in mass media [8], visual [9] and performing arts [10] (e.g., theatre [11]), and in literary fiction [12]. In particular, the negative consequences of climate change are routinely represented in climate change fiction (cli-fi) [12]. Whilst cli-fi grows exponentially [13], little is known about the Australian segment of cli-fi [14]. Attempting to bridge the current research gap, this article presents a qualitative study that seeks to shed light onto how the image of climate change is portrayed in a relatively recent Australian cli-fi novel Wild Dark Shore by Charlotte McConaghy [15], an acclaimed Australian novelist. The study employs an ecocritical lens to unveil the portrayal of the image of climate change in the novel. The results of the ecocritical analysis reveal that the image of climate change is represented in Wild Dark Shore by (i) extreme weather events, (ii) the rise in sea levels, (iii) coastal erosion, (iv) carbon footprint reduction, and (v) the international seed bank. These findings are further discussed and illustrated in the article.
Bird symbolism in the poetry of Onaigul Turzhan
This article examines the poetic, mythopoetic, and psychological dimensions of bird symbolism in the poetry of Onaigul Turzhan, one of the distinctive voices of contemporary Kazakh literature. In Turkic cultural tradition, the image of the bird has long been associated with such concepts as freedom, spiritual purity, destiny, the transience of life, and the relationship between soul and body. In modern lyric poetry, however, this traditional image acquires new semantic layers through individual artistic perception. Turzhan’s poetry offers a remarkable example of this transformation by expanding the symbolic potential of the bird image and integrating it into a highly original poetic system. In Turzhan’s poetic world, the bird appears not merely as an element of nature but as a multilayered symbol that embodies human emotional experience, the flow of time, themes of migration and separation, the tragic dimension of loss, death and metaphysical transition, inner fragility, and spiritual quest. Concepts such as longing, loneliness, hope, death, spirit, and temporality are condensed in the image of the bird and elevated to the level of a comprehensive poetic concept. The study focuses on a selected corpus of poems centered on the bird motif, including “Looking Toward the Direction Where the Bird Has Gone,” “As If the Birds Were Sighing,” “The Swans Took You Away to Another Place,” “Like Birds Praising Allah,” and “Life Fleeting Like a Bird.” These texts are analyzed through qualitative content analysis, close reading, and symbolic interpretation. The analysis demonstrates that although the bird image unfolds across different semantic fields in each poem—such as separation, melancholy, death, sacred transcendence, and the fleeting nature of time—these meanings form a coherent and consistent symbolic system within the poet’s overall aesthetic vision. The findings reveal that Turzhan transforms the image of the bird into a complex world of meanings nourished by cultural collective memory, Turkic mythopoetic heritage, Islamic metaphysical thought, and modern individual sensibility. In this respect, bird symbolism in her poetry can be considered a significant artistic phenomenon within contemporary Kazakh lyric poetry, contributing both to the continuity of cultural tradition and to its creative reinterpretation in modern literary discourse.
Theoretical studies and research in Kazakh literary studies during the period of independence
This article offers a comprehensive examination of the theoretical orientations and scholarly investigations that have emerged within Kazakh literary studies during the period of national independence. Following the attainment of sovereignty, Kazakh literary scholarship was liberated from the ideological constraints characteristic of the Soviet epoch and thereby acquired the capacity to establish autonomous scholarly paradigms. This historical juncture created favorable conditions for the substantive integration of Kazakh literary studies into the global academic discourse. One of the principal domains addressed in the article is literary theory. In the independence era, foundational categories of literary theory — such as artistic method, literary movement, literary trend, poetic system, genre theory, the national spiritual code, and the aesthetics of modernism and postmodernism — underwent significant conceptual renewal and received expanded theoretical elaboration. The study systematizes and critically analyses research devoted to these theoretical issues, elucidating the interconnections among key theoretical constructs and their manifestations in Kazakh literature. It further identifies the methodological specificities of various scholars, clarifies the scholarly significance of these categories for understanding literary processes, and pays particular attention to new interpretations of postmodern aesthetics in contemporary prose and poetry. The primary aim of the research is to examine the work of literary scholars who, in the years of independence, investigated such theoretical problems as genre, artistic method, and literary trend, and to provide an evaluative perspective on contemporary theoretical developments in Kazakh literary studies. The article synthesizes the conceptual approaches of national scholars, highlights their contributions to the advancement of literary theory, and considers seminal studies that have shaped the theoretical discourse. Additionally, the analysis addresses research on the typology of romanticism and realism as artistic methods, the relationship between method and literary trend, and the dynamics between genre and method. The methodological framework of the article is grounded in systemic-structural analysis, the descriptive method, analytical inquiry, and content analysis. These approaches are employed to investigate scholarly works devoted to poetry and prose produced during the independence period. The findings substantiate the conclusion that a defining characteristic of Kazakh literary scholarship in the independence era is its aspiration to conceptualize the aesthetic essence of national literature within the broader context of global theoretical paradigms, as well as its pursuit of an expanded methodological horizon for contemporary literary studies.
The Poetic Representation of the Idea of Freedom in Alash Literature
The article examines the phenomenon of poetic representation of the idea of freedom in Alash literature. The term representation originates from philosophy, psychology, and linguistics, functioning as a multidisciplinary and polysemous concept. However, in literary studies, the comprehensive theoretical and analytical integration of this term remains limited. The study aims to reveal the nature of the literary process during the Alash period and to identify the poetic mechanisms through which the idea of freedom is represented. To achieve this objective, methods of close reading, hermeneutic interpretation, and critical discourse analysis (CDA) were employed. Definitions of representation by theorists such as Stuart Hall and James Young are analyzed to clarify its literary application and interpretive role in the text. Emerging at the beginning of the 20th century as an aesthetic response to the hegemonic power of colonial discourse, Alash literature revitalized the literary process, opening new directions in poetics, artistic form, and ideological interaction. The authors of Alash literature, grounding the idea of freedom in the socio-political context of their time, represented it through metaphorical, allegorical, symbolic, mythopoetic, and sacred imagery. Such forms of representation make it possible to examine the semantic and aesthetic functions of the artistic text more deeply. Based on the works of A. Baitursynuly, M. Dulatuly, M. Zhumabayuly, and G. Karash, the study analyzes how representation manifests in poetic texts. Using the key principles of intentionality, recognition, and aboutness, it explores how the author’s worldview is implicitly expressed through the unity of form and content. In Alash poetry, the idea of freedom becomes the core of artistic representation, revealing the nation’s spiritual resistance and aspiration for independence through symbolic images and metaphors of liberation. The study concludes that representation not only conveys the author’s perception of reality but also shapes textual unity and enhances the reader’s interpretive engagement. This research contributes to understanding how the freedom idea in Alash literature reflects the formation of Kazakhstan’s modern national consciousness and spiritual independence.
The code of «loneliness» in lyric poetry (based on the poems of Goethe, Lermontov, and Abay)
The article examines the concept of «loneliness» in poetry as a code and takes into account the poetic and semiotic meaning of the phenomenon of loneliness. Research in this area was carried out by analyzing the works of the outstanding representative of German poetry, J.W. Goethe, the greatest figure of Russian litera- ture of the Romantic era, M.Y. Lermontov, and the classic of Kazakh poetry, Abay Kunanbayevich. The im- portant role of philosophical and lyrical images in the study of the concept of «loneliness» in the poems of these poets is explained. By revealing the place of loneliness as an artistic code in poetry, it is shown that it has universal meaning. It is argued that this concept is not simply inherent in a particular era or culture, but rather reflects the common spiritual experience of humanity. In lyric poetry, it can be seen that through the concept of loneliness, true being, inner experiences, and spiritual searches of the individual are demonstrated. It is concluded that loneliness is not only one of the eternal themes of poetry, but also the key to human spir- itual perfection. It has been established that loneliness in the poems of Goethe, Lermontov, and Abay as a code lies at the heart of artistic representation. The relationships and contradictions between the inner spiritu- al world of each poet and the social situation of that era are also differentiated. Literary-theoretical conclu- sions are reached through comparative analysis and structural-semiotic study. It is established that loneliness, as a code in the poetry of Goethe, Lermontov, and Abai, occupies a central place in artistic representation. The connections and contradictions between each poet’s inner world and the social circumstances of their re- spective epochs are also analyzed. Through comparative and structural-semiotic analysis, literary and theoret- ical conclusions are formulated. The authors emphasize that the category of loneliness manifests itself differ- ently in each poet’s work, yet overall serves as a universal spiritual experience that reveals the human inner world. The study demonstrates that loneliness functions as an important artistic mechanism that contributes to the disclosure of the anthropological and spiritual dimensions of human existence. Its role as a poetic code is substantiated through concrete examples. In Goethe’s lyric poetry, loneliness is interpreted as an inner strug- gle and a spiritual quest, which correspond to the aesthetics of Romanticism. From the standpoint of romantic aesthetics, loneliness provides an opportunity for creative self-exploration, for seeking harmony with nature, and for distancing oneself from society. The poet assigns particular importance to images of longing and the loss of harmony with the world. Thus, loneliness in Goethe’s poetry reflects the search for the personal «self» and the conflict between the individual and social expectations. In Lermontov’s poetry, loneliness appears as a condition associated with the loss of inner freedom. His lyrical heroes find themselves in a state of internal discord-confronting society, fate, and even themselves. This loneliness has a tragic dimension and reveals the existential journey of the individual in the search for meaning. For Lermontov, it constitutes an artistic image of a freedom-loving spirit and a refusal to reconcile with social norms. In Abai’s work, loneliness is interpret-ed as a spiritual experience aimed at deep reflection on one’s own being and liberation from illusion. In his lyric poetry, loneliness represents a conscious choice associated with the pursuit of truth and moral self- improvement. It acquires the character of intellectual reflection, correlating with elements of Sufi worldview and expressing the poet’s response to social injustice. The article substantiates the artistic function of the phe-nomenon of loneliness in the poetry of the three poets and theoretically defines its position as a universal poetic code.
National character in the works of E. Aydabosin “Syrttannyn itayagy” and “Ūlyma”
The article discusses the problem of national character in the context of artistic and aesthetic categories based on the works of the writer Esbolat Aydabosyn “itayag of the outside” and “Ūlyma”. In the course of the study, an attempt is made to recognize the creative nature of the author through his works in the genre of stories, and the literary text is analyzed within the framework of new scientific knowledge. Since the relation-ship between conflict and national identity in the work of E. Aydabosyn has not been an object of comprehensive research before, this article is aimed at considering this problem from a new angle. In the short story “Syrtannyn itayaǵy,” the author explores themes such as tradition and respect, folk beliefs and hope, personal virtue and natural law, and family values. The study contrasts the characters’ understanding and conflicting views within the framework of national consciousness. The reverence of elders toward notions of “кие” (sacred power) and “qasıyet” (spiritual virtue) is juxtaposed with the younger generation’s disregard for them. The gradual erosion of faith in ancestral traditions, the decline of compassion, empathy, care, and humility, as well as the growing tendency to judge superficially rather than to comprehend the inner essence of human ac- tions — all reflect the alienation of individuals from their national identity and their absorption into globaliza- tion. In “Ūlyma” his decision to leave his homeland for good in response to the cruelty and greed of others symbolizes the fading of noble traditions and the loss of artistic spirit from the people’s very essence — a conclusion further substantiated in the article. The research employs systematic, historical-comparative, and interpretive methods, drawing on the theoretical perspectives of scholars such as Z.Qabdollov, S. Maqpyrov, and A.V. Ognev. The analysis reveals the writer’s distinctive approach to expressing national consciousness through artistic means and formulates conclusions regarding the role and significance of the concepts of “na- tional identity” and “national character” within the broader structure of his creative oeuvre.
Linguocultural Features of Conceptual Structures in Literary Texts
The article examines the cognitive nature of conceptual structures in literary texts from linguocultural and ethnocognitive perspectives. A concept, recognized as the central unit of cognitive linguistics, is defined as a mental structure that reflects a linguistically shaped worldview and is closely connected with a people’s cultural consciousness and historical experience. Concepts accumulate spiritual values, collective knowledge, and culturally significant meanings, thus serving as key elements in representing national identity and worldview. In this context, literary texts function as an important source for identifying the linguistic, semantic, and cultural layers of conceptual meaning in an integrated manner. The relevance of the study is determined by the necessity of revealing how conceptual structures in literary discourse preserve and transmit culturally marked worldview elements rooted in ethnocultural consciousness and passed down through generations. The research provides a comparative analysis of conceptual structures and features of national worldview in K. Kaziev’s works “Imanzhapyraq” and “Menin Sheshem”, as well as in M. Auezov’s epic novel “The Path of Abai”. The main objective of the study is to determine the linguistic representation of concepts in these texts and to describe their role and functions within the national worldview. To achieve this goal, descriptive, ethnolinguistic, and conceptual analysis methods were applied, together with elements of an associative approach. The theoretical framework is based on fundamental works in cognitive linguistics by both domestic and international scholars. The analysis focuses on the concepts of land, honor, conscience, and labor. In Kazakh literary discourse, land symbolizes historical memory, spiritual continuity, and ancestral heritage. Honor and conscience represent moral and social values regulating individual and collective behavior, while labor embodies traditional ethics, everyday life, and cultural norms. These concepts are verbalized through lexical units, phraseological expressions, metaphors, and syntactic structures. The findings reveal the semantic scope and linguistic specificity of conceptual structures in literary texts and confirm the significance of cognitive approaches in studying the interrelation between language, culture, and national worldview.
The Artistic Function of the “Youngest Son” Image in Turkish Folk Tales
The image of the “youngest son” in Turkish folk tales is one of the traditional artistic figures that has been formed since ancient times. In folk tales and legends, the youngest son often appears outwardly weak, simple, and sometimes even foolish; however, as the plot unfolds, he ultimately achieves victory through his intelligence, ingenuity, and courage. His character is portrayed as a symbolic figure embodying the people’s ideals of justice, goodness, and the realization of cherished aspirations. The article examines the artistic function of the youngest son from several perspectives. First, he serves as a symbol of goodness and justice within the folk worldview. Second, the image is closely connected with the social status of the youngest son as the heir and guardian of the family hearth in the traditional kinship structure. Third, from a mythopoetic perspective, he represents the archetype of the “eternally young savior-hero.” Through this figure, the people articulate the idea of the weak overcoming the strong and justice triumphing over evil. Moreover, the youngest son embodies collective aspirations, artistically demonstrating how an ordinary individual can attain great heights. In Turkish folk prose, this image also fulfills an educational function, promoting national values such as honesty, humanity, and justice. Thus, the youngest son constitutes an important archetypal figure within the prose tradition of the Turkic peoples. The article analyzes the image of the youngest son in Turkish folk tales drawing upon examples from Kazakh folklore prose. Considering that the literature of any nation originates from oral tradition, the fairy tale occupies a distinctive place in literary development, particularly due to its significant role in child upbringing. It is widely acknowledged that Turkic peoples share a common ancient cultural heritage and a unified civilizational foundation. The study explores the position of the youngest son as the heir and keeper of the ancestral hearth — the symbolic center of the family lineage. The article examines the status and glorification of the youngest son in Turkish folk tales. As a genre, wonder tales are not homogeneous; they include archaic narratives, heroic tales, as well as everyday life and adventurous stories. The research employs archetypal analysis, comparative-typological methods, and a cultural approach. The image of the “youngest son” in traditional Turkic culture is closely associated with his social role as the heir and guardian of the family hearth. This motif reflects the collective belief in the victory of the weak over the strong and the establishment of justice. The article demonstrates that the image of the youngest son is not merely a literary character but also a cultural and social archetype representing the spiritual identity of the people.
The Possibilities of Enhancing Intercultural Competence Through AI Simulations While Teaching English as a Foreign Language
Current trends in globalization and educational digitalization require us to rethink how teachers help foreign language learners to acquire intercultural competence. The use of artificial intelligence technologies offers a promising way to create immersive, interactive, and adaptable learning environments. AI simulations help students develop cultural awareness, empathy, tolerance, and effective intercultural communication skills by mimicking real-world communication scenarios and allowing them to interact with virtual avatars. This study looks into how we can incorporate artificial intelligence into foreign language teaching to support cognitive, emotional, and behavioral aspects of intercultural competence. It specifically examines the teaching potential of platforms that use game-based interactions, automatic feedback, and adaptive AI models. With this technology, students can improve self-reflection, metacognitive techniques, and their understanding of the cultural context of communication. Using AI simulations in the classroom provides additional opportunities for developing soft skills and integrative language abilities. These skills are essential for successful intercultural and professional communication in today’s globalized society. The study was conducted at Abai Kazakh National Pedagogical University and involved second-year undergraduate students participating in an experimental training program. AI simulation platforms such as Alelo Enskill, Hyperspace, and Gen2Lingo were used to create interactive intercultural communication scenarios. These platforms provided students with opportunities to engage in realistic conversations with virtual characters representing diverse cultural backgrounds, while receiving automated feedback on language use, pragmatic appropriateness, and cultural sensitivity. The findings indicate that the use of AI simulations significantly enhances students’ intercultural competence by improving their communication flexibility, empathy, cultural awareness, and confidence in intercultural interactions. In addition, the interactive and adaptive nature of AI technologies increases student motivation and engagement in the learning process. The results demonstrate that AI simulations represent an effective pedagogical tool for integrating language learning with intercultural development and preparing students for participation in academic and professional communication contexts.
Metaphor and Linguistic Personality in Kazakhstan’s Political Discourse (Case Study of the State of the Nation Address)
This article analyzes the construction of political reality and the communicative behavior of the linguistic personality in contemporary Kazakhstani political discourse. The object of the study is the official text of the Address delivered by Head of State Kassym-Jomart Tokayev on September 1, 2024. The research is significant due to the study justified by the necessity for a comprehensive linguistic examination of the pivotal political text that influences the national agenda during the period of substantial social and economic transformations. The scientific novelty stems from the integrated comprehensive, integrated approach combining Cognitive Linguistics (examining conceptual metaphors through A.P. Chudinov’s typology and G. Lakoff’s theory), Discourse Analysis (evaluating communicative strategies per O.S. Issers), and Content Analysis — a combination not previously applied to this material. The findings reveal that the primary rhetorical device in the Address is a dual system of conceptual metaphors. The creative artifact metaphor (the state is a mechanism / construction) dominates, accounting for approximately 60 % of all metaphors. This creates an image of a rational, manageable, and technological process of state governance. This model is systematically juxtaposed with Threat metaphors-sociomorphic (War) and Anthropomorphic (Morbus) to contextualize issues and legitimize the authorities’ decisive actions. The distinctive traits of the linguistic personality of the Address’s author are examined, leading to the conclusion that the author exemplifies the rational-technocratic type of linguistic personality. The image of a leader, whose legitimacy is predicated on competence and efficacy rather than emotional appeal, is formulated through the synergy of specialized vocabulary, prevailing metaphorical frameworks, and strategic communication techniques (including self-presentation, argumentation, discreditation, and unification). Ultimately, the article elucidates linguistic phenomena and illustrates how the worldview and pragmatic objectives of a national leader are encoded in political discourse through a sophisticated array of discursive mechanisms.
Interpretive Completeness of Multimodal Advertising: Verbal Anchoring, Semantic Compression, and Narrative Coherence
This article examines interpretive completeness in multimodal advertising in the digital media environment, where reduced verbal content must still yield semantically dense messages that are rapidly processed. Contemporary short formats (posts, banners, stories, short videos) typically offer not extended argumentation or a linear plot, but a minimal semantic “node” —a slogan/caption, a visual image, a compositional configuration, and (in dynamic formats) an editing junction—yet this node is perceived as coherent and complete. The paper substantiates the need for a procedural account of this effect: inventories of semiotic resources (text/image/sound) do not explain the operations by which recipients reconstruct causality, event structure, and evaluative stance under conditions of limited explicitness. The empirical basis is a corpus of 60 complete advertising messages from print and digital media (verbal–visual and audiovisual units). The methodology includes (1) multimodal segmentation with systematic registration of the status and placement of the verbal component; (2) reconstruction of input spaces and the blended interpretive space in terms of conceptual integration; (3) identification of cross-domain transfers within visual/multimodal metaphor; and (4) protocolbased documentation of semantic compression using the format “what is compressed—by what it is compensated.” The findings show that, in short formats, the slogan functions primarily as a discursive operator rather than as “brief product information”: it constrains the polysemy of the visual frame, specifies the inference domain, and marks an axiological frame, thereby directing interpretation. Semantic compression systematically targets causal, temporal, and role relations (agency, conditions, intermediate action phases, and result parameters), while interpretive completeness is maintained through intermodal compensation via scene construction, compositional vectors, editing logic, and indexical cues of action/state. The proposed parameterization translates qualitative observations into a comparable descriptive protocol and supports the diagnosis of interpretive risks in advertising design (excessive polysemy, conflicts between inference domains, breakdown of causal modeling).
Mechanisms of realization of linguistic rhetorical competence of a lawyer in judicial practice of Kazakhstan
The article is devoted to the study of the mechanisms of implementation of integral linguistic rhetorical competence in the professional activity of a lawyer in Kazakhstan. Based on the consideration of the structure and tasks of the legal sphere of society, the principles and norms of Kazakh legislation and legal proceedings, the requirements for a lawyer as a professional linguistic personality, and the peculiarities of legal discourse, the necessity of developing linguistic rhetorical competence is substantiated. Defending the rights and freedoms of citizens and the interests of the state in court, a lawyer acts not only as an expert in legal matters, but also as a master of words, a speaker with judicial eloquence and able to have the desired communicative effect on participants in legal discourse. The purpose of the accusatory speech is to prove the guilt of the defendant in committing a crime and the danger of his actions to society based on the facts of reality. The purpose of the defense speech is to refute the point of view of the prosecution, to present evidence justifying the defendant or mitigating his responsibility. The article examines the judicial practice of a lawyer from the point of view of the embodiment of eight mechanisms for the implementation of integral linguistic rhetorical competence: predispositive-orientation, inventive-paradigmatic, dispositive-syntagmatic, elocutive-expressive, mnemonic, actional, psycho-rhetorical, editorial-reflective. The mechanisms developed within the framework of the Linguistic Rhetorical Paradigm, combining four stages of speech-thinking activity and five stages of the rhetorical canon, represent the process of creating a speech work, starting with preparation for writing a text, ending with reflection on the results of a speech. Each mechanism is responsible for certain qualities of text and speech, and serves as an indicator of the level of competence of a professional linguistic personality. The article presents the results of a study of the implementation of these mechanisms in the judicial practice of Kazakhstan. Based on the analysis of defensive and accusatory court speeches, verbal and non-verbal means, knowledge, skills, norms and rules are identified, through which these mechanisms are embodied in the speech-thinking activity of a Kazakhstani lawyer acting as a lawyer or prosecutor. In conclusion, it is concluded that in modern Kazakhstan, a lawyer is a highly qualified specialist with high moral responsibility, well aware of the national and cultural characteristics of a multinational people. Mechanisms for the implementation of linguistic rhetorical competence are important components of the professional activity of a Kazakhstani lawyer, which make it possible to identify and analyze the specifics of judicial practice in Kazakhstan. Studies of these mechanisms have prospects for identifying the features of the formation of professional linguistic personalities not only in the legal, but also in any other institution-oriented discourse of the country.
Common factors that cause changes in toponym names (in the material of Kazakh, Kyrgyz, Uzbek, Turkish languages)
This article investigates the reasons behind the changes in toponyms in Kazakh, Uzbek, Kyrgyz, and Turkish languages. Comparative studies of Turkic onomastics based on materials from related languages are scarce. A focused examination of onomastic units—such as personal names, place names, ethnonyms, and tribal names—within the framework of Turkic languages is a pressing and relevant area of research. The paper explores the formation and development of toponyms in the territories inhabited by Turkic-speaking peoples, with particular attention to the factors that have influenced changes in place names in neighboring countries. Toponyms have historically emerged and evolved in close connection with the socio-economic history of a given region. Consequently, many names trace their origins back to ancient times. Over time, toponyms may be forgotten, altered, or replaced due to various historical, cultural, or political factors. This study highlights the relevance of examining the influence of Arabic-Persian, Iranian, Mongolic, and Russian elements on the toponymic systems of border regions. Understanding these processes is crucial, as any toponymic system with linguistic and cultural significance must be studied within its historical and cultural context of formation and evolution. The research possesses both theoretical and practical value. Identifying the factors that contributed to the modification of place names facilitates a deeper understanding of historical ethnic migrations and the interaction processes between different ethnic groups in border regions. The main methods employed in the study are descriptive analysis and comparative-historical analysis. The use of historical methodology allows for obseving of the emergence of ancient toponyms, their transformation, and the incorporation of newly assigned names. The aim of the article is to conduct a systematic historical-linguistic analysis of the formation, transformation, renaming, usage, and development of toponyms in border regions.
Antonymy as an indicator of cognitive and axiological conceptualization in Abu Nasr al-Farabi’s treatise ”Makalat ar-rafiga fi usul ilm at-tabia”
The article examines the problem of antonymy as one of the key mechanisms of cognitive and axiological conceptualization in philosophical‑religious discourse, using as its material Abu Nasr al‑Farabi’s treatise “Maqālat ar‑rafīqa fī uṣūl ʿilm aṭ‑ṭabīʿa”. The relevance of the study is determined by the need to reconceptualize antonymy not only as a lexico‑semantic phenomenon, but also as a system‑forming means of meaning‑generation in medieval Arabic texts. The characteristic features of antonymic oppositions are analyzed in cognitive‑discursive and theolinguistic perspectives, which makes it possible to reveal their role in shaping the normative and value orientations of the text. The need for such an analysis is identified and justified by the absence, in existing research, of corpus‑based annotation of antonymy and of a reconstruction of the hierarchy of value levels in the treatise. On the basis of a comprehensive semantic‑cognitive, contextual‑discursive, and componential analysis, the author argues that antonymy functions as a framework for the cognitive organization of the text, linking the natural‑philosophical description to the ethical‑religious norm. Particular attention is paid to the relationship between lexical antonymy and conceptual oppositions that function at the levels of argumentation. It is shown that in a philosophical and religious text, antonymy performs not only a nominative but also a cognitive-organizing function, structuring semantic fields and ensuring the internal connection of the treatise. Based on a comprehensive semantic-cognitive, componential and contextual-discursive analysis, the author suggests that antonymy functions as a framework for the cognitive organization of the text, linking the natural philosophical description with the ethical-religious norm. Of particular significance is the conclusion that the oppositional pairs function as semantic “axes” around which the argumentation of the treatise is structured, enabling a transition from the description of the structure of the world to the interpretation of human responsibility and spiritual choice. The results obtained may be directly employed in further research in cognitive linguistics and theolinguistics, as well as in the development of specialized lexicographic projects. The identified and systematized antonymic oppositions form a reliable empirical basis for the subsequent thesaurus-based description of al-Farabi’s religious vocabulary, making it possible to clarify the structure of key concepts and their axiological interrelations. The proposed annotation of the material and its distribution across semantic levels open up the possibility of a more precise reconstruction of the thinker’s conceptual picture of the world and may be used in the preparation of dictionaries, academic courses, and research studies devoted to the language of philosophical and religious discourse.
The language appearance of the concept “child”
This article analyzes the linguocognitive nature of the concept of “child” in the Kazakh language. The aim of the study is to determine its place in the Kazakh linguistic worldview, describe its semantic space, and identify its functional features in literary discourse. The research materials include proverbs and sayings, data from explanatory and phraseological dictionaries, ethnographic sources, as well as literary and folklore texts. The total corpus volume amounted to approximately 210,000 word tokens; 428 contexts were analyzed using a continuous sampling method. The study employed a combination of conceptual, descriptive-analytical, and contextual methods, supplemented by elements of quantitative analysis. Based on the frequency distribution of semantic features, a structural model of the concept was constructed according to the “core-periphery” scheme. It was established that the dominant components are associated with generational continuity, family values, and the perceptions of the child as a spiritual and cultural symbol. In literary texts, the concept is realized through metaphorical and figurative models, forming the value core of the work. The study’s results confirm the cultural significance of the concept within the national consciousness.
Methodological-theoretical Foundations for Teaching the Lexicon of the Mamluk Kipchak Language
The Kazakh language has a long history of development. An important place in the formation and evolution of the language is occupied by the Kipchak period. The Kipchak language is a historical language that was widely used across Eurasia during the Middle Ages. One of the most evident proofs that the Kazakh language was formed on the basis of the Kipchak language is its lexical stock. At present, Kazakh linguistics is showing increasing interest in the study of the Kipchak period in the history of the language. Written monuments of the Kipchak language have been preserved in various geographical regions and are represented in different writing systems. This was closely connected with the historical, cultural, military, and economic influence of the Kipchaks. Due to historical circumstances, the Kipchaks who migrated exerted significant influence in their new places of settlement, which led to the creation of scholarly works and literary texts in the Kipchak language. Works translated into the Kipchak language have also been preserved. The majority of these texts were produced in Egypt during the period of dominance of the Mamluk Kipchaks. In terms of content, these texts cover a wide range of thematic areas and were recorded using Arabic script. In Kazakh linguistics, systematic efforts are being made to classify written monuments related to the Kipchaks, as well as to translate and analyze them. Despite the fact that research covers an extensive time span and a wide range of issues, written monuments in the Kipchak language have not yet been fully studied. Some sources have been comprehensively examined, whereas others have only been addressed within the framework of individual articles and review studies. There are also monuments that are known only by name but have not been studied, as well as sources whose whereabouts remain unknown. Introducing these materials into scholarly circulation will contribute to enriching the history of the Kazakh literary language with new factual data. The scientific and educational significance of studying Kipchak heritage is increasing for future specialists in Kazakh linguistics, as well as for students in higher-education institutions within the framework of elective courses. Traditionally, the teaching of the Kazakh language has been largely limited to a structural-linguistic perspective. Written monuments of the Kipchak language make it possible to gain a deeper understanding of the historical phonetic, grammatical, and lexical systems of the Kazakh language. In the process of studying the vocabulary of Kipchak monuments preserved in Arabic script, a number of pressing issues are identified. Addressing these issues requires systematic scholarly work and the presentation of Kipchak lexicon recorded in Arabic writing to the academic community. The vast majority of lexical units of the Kipchak language have been preserved in the modern Kazakh language. The Kipchak language is not only the historical foundation of the Kazakh language but also one of the key factors in its formation. By substantiating the relevance of the topic, the article analyzes the methodological and theoretical foundations for teaching the vocabulary of historical texts as an elective course for students of language-related specialties in higher-education institutions and for school students. Based on the results of the study, scientifically grounded conclusions are drawn and practical recommendations are provided.
German culinary realities and ways of translating them into Azerbaijani (based on the works of G. Mann and G. Böll)
This article analyzes German culinary realities and their translation into Azerbaijani based on the works “The Loyal Subject” by G. Mann and “Through the Eyes of a Clown” by G. Böll. Culinary realities are understood as lexical units that reveal a close connection with a particular culture. They reflect national, social, and historical characteristics and often have no direct equivalents in the target language. The study focuses on translation problems caused by the cultural specificity of realities, as well as the question of adequate translation solutions. Drawing on linguistic theory, the author distinguishes between such concepts as “method,” “strategy,” and “means” of translation. Particular attention should be paid to the classification of translation methods proposed by W. Koller, which serves as a kind of analytical tool for evaluating textual material. Numerous examples from original works and their translations vividly demonstrate how German culinary realities can be conveyed into Azerbaijani using various translation methods, such as borrowing, calquing, choosing the closest equivalent in meaning, explication, and adaptation. The author concludes that culinary realities, despite their apparent ordinariness, pose a serious challenge for translators and require a clear and balanced strategy. The article emphasizes the importance of national cuisine as a bearer of cultural identity and notes the need for careful, contextually appropriate rendering of culinary realities in literary translation.
Requirements for the representativeness of a corpus and their implementation in the National Corpus of the Kazakh Language
The article examines a key issue in corpus linguistics — the representativeness of a linguistic corpus — from theoretical and practical perspectives. The study clarifies the scientific meaning of representativeness, systematizes its main requirements, and analyzes their implementation in the National Corpus of the Kazakh Language. A linguistic corpus is defined as a collection of electronic texts organized for specific purposes, enriched with metadata and linguistic annotations, and serving as a source reflecting the dynamic, actual use of the language. Representativeness is considered a core qualitative parameter ensuring the scientific value of the corpus, the accurate depiction of the linguistic system, and the reliability of research outcomes. The research applied analytical, descriptive, and comparative methods. Based on a review of corpus linguistics scholarship, eight primary requirements for corpus representativeness were identified: diversity of styles and genres, stylistic and register balance, regional coverage, diachrony, social stratification, sufficient text volume, metadata and documentation, and textual accuracy. The study shows that the National Corpus of the Kazakh Language is structured to cover the language’s functional layers. Through the main corpus and specialized subcorpora, literary, journalistic, scientific, official-business, oral, historical, poetic, and terminological texts are systematized. However, some issues were identified, including incomplete register balance, inconsistent social metadata, and underdeveloped diachronic and regional layers. Representativeness is thus not merely a formal feature but a principal criterion defining a corpus’s scientific validity, practical relevance, and capacity to reflect real language use. A representative corpus provides a reliable empirical basis for linguistic research, lexicography, education, and evidence-based language policy. The article notes that while the National Corpus is a relatively well-organized digital resource in terms of genre and style, it requires more contemporary communication texts, including social media, chat language, youth language, and materials from emerging scientific fields. Expanding corpus size alongside qualitative balance, deepening metadata, and extending stratification parameters will allow the creation of a high-level scientific corpus offering a comprehensive empirical representation of Kazakh. These conclusions strengthen the theoretical foundations of corpus linguistics and refine the methodological principles for national corpus development.
Learning Cases to Improve Language Competence: Integrated Application by Design Method
This article aims to improve the culture of oral and written languages, improve language competence, develop research and design skills, develop models of texts of different styles and genres in the Kazakh language lesson through applied exercises created on the basis of integrating learning cases with the design method. Ways to demonstrate the features of pragmalinguistic, pragmastilistic analysis in teaching the Kazakh language in the practice of Nazarbayev Intellectual Schools, which considered ways of mastering lexical, spelling, morphological, grammatical, stylistic, punctuation norms of the literary language through a competent analysis of linguistic aspects, with a deep understanding of the meaning of the language units used in improving the skills of expert examination in a scientific style. Learning tasks that students reveal in connection with the ultimate ideological basis of the context, selecting effective information that proves the type of style, determining their intended use and including their perception, understanding and perception as a reader, influence on the nature of feelings, descriptors that guide the characteristics and requirements of its implementation, a sample of student's analysis as a result of work are analyzed using specific examples. The research work carried out in this direction and its results are differentiated, the features of the teaching cases used in the course of training and the steps to take the design method as a basis in the development of a set of teaching aids, the orientation of students to the goal setting and the action steps in its implementation, the content of instructions and self-assessment and mutual assessment sheets give a In addition, in the Kazakh language lesson, to support the student's thoughts, the importance of the proposed educational tasks to improve the skills of writing in a new genre, receiving information from texts of various genres, and the importance of compiling educational tasks of a creative direction is shown, the effectiveness of student notebooks is evaluated, and the results of the survey are differentiated. Based on the results of the research work in action, recommendations were made and an assessment of the effectiveness of the practice of integrated use of systematic learning cases in combination with the design of various methods and methods of «modeling», «mental experience», «description», «scaffolding» methods to increase the language competence of students in the teaching of the Kazakh language based on the results was given. At the same time, in the course of the study, it was found that the proposed educational tasks contribute to the systematic development of students ' abilities for critical thinking, analysis and argumentation. The applied methods allow the student to use their language knowledge in real communicative situations and strengthen the connection of the educational process with life. The results of the study prove that the proposed methodological system is an effective practice aimed at improving functional literacy in the Kazakh language lesson.