Bulletin of the Karaganda university. Philology series
NLC «Karagandy University of the name of academician E.A. Buketov»
The dynamics of conflictogeme perception in intercultural communication: examples from English-language, Russian-language, and Kazakh-language media
This article examines the linguistic and cultural encoding of conflictogemes in media discourse based on materials from three linguistic spheres: English-speaking, Russian-speaking and Kazakh-speaking media. The relevance of the study is due to the intensification of conflictogemes in both global and local information space, which contributes to the growing polarization of public consciousness. The primary focus is on the characterization of conflictogems — lexical units capable of provoking conflict and possessing semantic and pragmatic potential to shape public perception of socially significant events. The study substantiates the need for a comparative analysis of media texts in a multilingual and culturally diverse environment. The methodology of research combines critical discourse analysis, component analysis, pragmatic linguistics, and contrastive methods. The empirical database consists of a corpus of 300 media texts (100 in each language) selected according to thematic and regional criteria and published between 2020 and 2024. As a result of the analysis, five key semantic domains of conflictogems were identified: threat, enemy, chaos, security, and provocation. Their dominant stylistic markers (metaphor, hyperbole, euphemism, binary oppositions) and communicative functions (polarization, demonization, mobilization, fear activation, consolidation) were also identified. The results of the study show that each media culture uses different rhetorical strategies: Englishlanguage media emphasize universal values and mobilizing frames; Russian-language sources highlight internal opposition and ideological antagonism; and Kazakh-language discourse focuses on rhetorical stabilization and normative order. Conflictogems function not only as indicators of the political context but also as tools of cultural encoding, reflecting sociocultural values and editorial policy. The study concludes that cross-linguistic analysis of conflict rhetoric makes it possible to identify the underlying cognitive and pragmatic mechanisms of audience influence. The results obtained have practical significance for media linguistics, sociolinguistics, political discourse analysis, and intercultural communication.
Brandon Sanderson’s linguistic ingenuity: grounding occasionalisms and their derivational potential
A comprehensive approach to studying Brandon Sanderson’s works allows the authors of the article to conduct an original analysis of the methods of forming occasionalisms as derivatives involved in creating unique figurative units within the writer’s worldview. The study of derivational morphology made it possible to identify the features of word-formation processes used in shaping Sanderson’s worldview, including compounding, affixation, complex formation, and blending. The results of the study provide a deeper understanding of the author’s linguistic creativity and its significance for contemporary literature. The findings indicate that compounding is the dominant strategy, enabling semantic transparency and intuitive understanding for readers, while affixation and blending play a minor role in lexical innovation. In the presented work, the authors highlight the role of grounding in the emergence of new lexical units, demonstrating the process of lexical items transitioning from an activated to an established concept. This process influences how occasionalisms are perceived and integrated into the narrative. Initially perceived as foreign or inventive (e.g., spren, chull), such words evolve into functional elements of the fictional world through repetition and narrative embedding. Conversely, already familiar lexical units (e.g., storm, shard, mist) may undergo contextual redefinition, acquiring new in-universe meanings and emotional weight. The study also distinguishes between primary occasionalisms (authorial neologisms serving as base words) and grounded (derived) occasionalisms, which are formed from them through additional semantic or structural transformations. Derived occasionalisms, in turn, are divided into ordinary ones — where existing words undergo shifts in meaning — and pure ones, which arise directly from the original occasionalisms. This classification provides a framework for tracing the semantic and morphological evolution of invented vocabulary. Ultimately, the study underscores the dynamic interplay between language and storytelling, demonstrating how occasionalisms not only function as markers of a linguistic personality but also serve as tools for immersive worldbuilding. The findings contribute to the broader field of fictional morphology and speculative fiction linguistics, illustrating how fictional languages mirror real-world derivation while maintaining their unique narrative functions. The analysis of Sanderson’s lexicon offers valuable insights into the creative potential of neologisms in fiction and emphasizes their role in shaping the overall depth of a fictional universe.
Review of the practice of compiling associative dictionaries
The article provides a description of the main associative dictionaries of various languages — in particular, Russian, English, and Slavic languages — published at the end of the last century. It also presents the results of a computer-based associative experiment conducted by the authors. The history of the associative experiment, widely used in global linguistic practice, is briefly reviewed. The description of the dictionaries reflects the types of associative experiments, the respondent samples, and the structural features of the dictionaries. Particular attention is given to the recording of the obtained data in dictionary entries and their analysis. In the course of the review of associative dictionaries, the lexicographic characteristics of “the Russian Associative Dictionary”, “the Slavic Associative Dictionary: Russian, Belarusian, Bulgarian, Ukrainian” (abbreviated as “the Slavic Associative Dictionary”), as well as the Edinburgh Associative Thesaurus are analyzed. The results of a computer- associative experiment, conducted as a pilot survey in three languages (Kazakh,Russian, and English) using the Google Forms platform, are presented in the form of a table that reflects thenational consciousness of the Kazakh people through stimuli representing national concepts. In the process of compiling and analyzing the national associative dictionary of the Kazakh language, linguistic features characteristic of the Kazakh national mentality were identified. The main distinction of this dictionary from similar works in other languages is that the reactions include fixed expressions, metaphors, epithets, aphorisms, and catchphrases. Furthermore, based on the results of psychological studies, the authors conclude that there are differences in linguistic consciousness, worldview, ways of expressing emotions, thinking, and the use of linguistic units between men and women. These gender differences were identified through the analysis of association statistics, which allowed the authors to confirm their hypothesis about the presence of “genderspecific” features in the reactions. Thus, the associative dictionary helps to reveal the gender characteristics of both individual and societal linguistic consciousness. The publication of the National Associative Dictionary of the Kazakh Language is considered a valuable foundation for studying the ethnocultural traits of the Kazakh ethnos’ mentality. Since the dictionary reflects linguocultural and ethno-social stereotypes in the linguistic consciousness of contemporary speakers of the Kazakh language, it offers broad opportunities for addressing current challenges in modern integrative linguistics. The article is intended for lexicography specialists as well as a broad audience interested in linguistic studies.
Linguistic representation of the phenomenon of national identity in Kazakhstani mass media
The article explores the verbalization of the phenomenon of national identity in the context of Kazakhstani media discourse as an important channel for transmitting societal values and norms. The study focuses on two popular online news platforms that shape public opinion in Kazakhstan. The methodological framework is based on discourse analysis, which makes it possible to identify linguistic and stylistic features that contribute to the construction of perceptions of national belonging. The paper examines authors’ strategies of influencing the reader, the choice of vocabulary, and mechanisms for creating persistent stereotypes that reflect or shape national self-awareness. Special attention is given to the role of the author as an active subject of media discourse and the influence of the socio-political context on the perception of identity. The research findings emphasize the significance of media discourse in the process of forming collective identity and public sentiment in contemporary Kazakhstan.
Precedent names in media discourse: a comparative analysis based on the material of “Egemen Kazakhstan” and “The Times”
This article examines the problems of symbolic representation of precedent names in media discourse and their influence on the formation of national and ideological identities. The characteristic features of the use of such names in the corpus of 50 publications from 2023-2024 (25 each from “Egemen Kazakhstan” and “The Times”) are analyzed. The necessity of an integrated approach combining qualitative content analysis, critical discourse analysis and cultural linguistic modeling, which allows us to see non-obvious cognitive and pragmatic mechanisms of meaning generation, is identified and substantiated. Based on the conducted research, the author proposes a multilevel typology of the functions of precedent names (ideological, culturally conditioned, euphemistic, manipulative) and a matrix of interpretative schemes reflecting the differences between the two media cultures. It is established that the Kazakh-language discourse is dominated by the sacralizing and mobilizing perspective of presentation (the names of Abai, Abylai Khan, etc. They serve as moral guidelines and symbols of continuity), whereas the British texts are dominated by an analytical, ironic and postmodern strategy (the names Churchill, Shakespeare, Nightingale are used to critically rethink modernity). It is shown that mentioning a precedent name activates archetypal images of a “wise mentor”, “hero-defender” or “ironic critic”, asking the reader a ready-made scenario for interpreting the event and thereby covertly directing the assessment. It is revealed that the contextual frequency and stylistic marker of names correlate with the editorial position of publications and sociocultural priorities of society. The author formulates criteria for the diagnosis of these correlations, suitable for subsequent monitoring of the ideological content of the media. In addition, the practical significance of the results is substantiated: the developed typology can be used in coursework and master’s degree programs in media linguistics, as well as in the expert practice of content analysis, which requires an operational assessment of hidden value messages. Thus, the article contributes to solving the problem of cross-cultural comparison of media narratives, expands the tools of critical analysis and lays the foundation for further research on the dynamics of precedent names in online platforms and social networks, where they acquire a memetic character and are able to transform national discourse in a globalized information environment.
Development of the academic corpus of the Kazakh language: goal, task, significance (in the direction of humanities)
The academic corpus is one of the key components of the educational and scientific sphere. Its development is recognized as a comprehensive process aimed at improving the quality of higher education and enhancing scientific potential. The article addresses the issue of creating an academic corpus of the Kazakh language in the field of the humanities. It analyzes the goals, objectives, and significance of developing such a corpus. The relevance of the project lies in the creation of a comprehensive empirical database of scholarly texts in the state language, which contributes to the study of Kazakh as a language of science. The aim of the study is to analyze the functions and objectives of the corpus of humanities texts in the Kazakh language, its role in the development of the Kazakh scientific language, as well as the characteristics of the corpus. For its creation, texts were used from the following fields: philosophy, history, religious studies, archaeology and ethnology, oriental studies, theology, Turkology, museology, foreign philology, translation studies, and Kazakh philology. The article describes the process of corpus development in accordance with the relevant requirements and criteria. Particular attention is given to the significance of the corpus as a tool for the advancement of natural language processing technologies. The corpus makes it possible to identify the features of academic vocabulary, morphology, and syntax of the Kazakh language. The inclusion of various types of scientific sources in the corpus — such as abstracts, theses, conference papers, journal articles, as well as monographs, dissertations, textbooks, and teaching materials — is justified for a comprehensive analysis of scholarly data. Particular emphasis is placed on metadata (meta-annotation), which plays a crucial role at all stages — from the collection to the digitization of materials. Metadata is examined in the context of international practices, with its importance highlighted for the continued study of the Kazakh language as a medium of scientific communication. The methodological section employs methods of description, comparison, philological examination, and analysis. In the study of international practices, descriptive and comparative methods were used, while the analysis of linguistic data from both content-related and structural perspectives involved descriptive and analytical methods. The research results open up new prospects for scholarly inquiry in fields such as terminology, lexicography, cognitive and gender linguistics, translation studies, and other related disciplines. It is emphasized that at all stages — from defining objectives to annotation — it is essential to take scientific and methodological aspects into account. The article also raises issues that require further refinement within the framework of scientific and practical activities, considering the internal classification of the humanities based on their objects of study. The interdisciplinary specificity of maintaining a balanced selection of texts included in the corpus — depending on its intended purpose — has been identified. The study analyzes the impact of the predominance of publications in English and Russian in a number of disciplines on the implementation of the principle of balance in relation to the Kazakh language within the corpus.
Methods of conveying the image of a child in Kazakh fairy tales
The image of the child in Kazakh culture reflects the values, worldview, and characteristics of national thinking. Lexical units related to the child make it possible to reveal the predispositions, views, and emotions of the Kazakh people, as well as to determine the role of the child within their cultural system. Despite the presence of such linguistic units in Kazakh linguistics, they are rarely examined as part of a unified system, especially from the perspective of their lexico-grammatical, ethnolinguistic, and cognitive features. Kazakh fairy tales play a special role in shaping the image of the child. Through the fairy-tale discourse, not only is the national culture preserved, but the child’s vocabulary is also expanded, and their speech culture is developed. Studying the linguistic means by which the image of the child is created in Kazakh fairy tales allows us to determine the child’s role in society and the family. In Kazakh fairy tales, the child is endowed with important and symbolic qualities. The child acts not only as a representative of the younger generation but also as a bearer of moral values, ideals, and traditions. Their image is created through direct and indirect description, metaphors, allegories, and a combination of the real and the imaginary. Qualities such as honesty, compassion, heroism, and diligence emphasize the educational function of the tales, revealing the struggle between good and evil, as well as the essence of victories and defeats. Thus, the image of the child in Kazakh fairy tales performs an important moral and educational function, reflects the cultural and educational traditions of the Kazakh people, and contributes to the formation of the worldview of the younger generation.
Study of representation of language consciousness: ethnocognitive aspect
The problem of linguistic consciousness is studied from various perspectives in fields such as philosophy, logic, psychology, cognitive science, and linguistics. In linguistics, the characterization of linguistic consciousness is revealed through the definition of the interrelation between language and thought, language and consciousness, language and worldview, as well as consciousness and speech activity. The article examines the representation of ethnocultural units in linguistic consciousness and provides an analysis from a psycholinguistic perspective. The representation of linguistic consciousness is the embodiment of a system of images in consciousness through units of various linguistic levels. Language functions not only as a system of signs but also as a means of cognition, conveying the ideas and concepts formed in consciousness about the worldview. The study of representations of the linguistic consciousness of a particular people allows for determining the level of preservation of national identity and cultural code. In this regard, identifying the linguistic representations of the ethnocultural consciousness of Kazakh youth provides an opportunity to understand the ethnocognitive features lying in the deep layers of consciousness, describe the national essence, and also determine the value system reflected in the perception of the youth. In the course of the study, an empirical method — a free associative experiment — was applied to identify linguistic manifestations of the ethnocultural consciousness of Kazakh youth aged 17 to 35. The obtained results were analyzed; reactions to stimulus words such as korimdik, quyryq-bauyr, and qoshqar muiiz were examined. It was revealed that the core of the associative-verbal field of korimdik is “money”, quyryq-bauyr is “matchmaking”, and qoshqar muiiz is “ornament”. The recurring responses reflected manifestations of collective consciousness, but individual opinions, impressions, and memories related to personal life experience were also recorded. Despite the different linguistic forms of the responses — word, phrase, sentence — the content showed a unity of meaning. Ethnocultural marker concepts were found in the analyzed associative fields, which indicates the presence of “ethnocultural knowledge” in the consciousness of the youth and the manifestation of national traits in linguistic consciousness. The associative-verbal field was defined as an important semantic structure that models the worldview and reflects the linguistic consciousness of Kazakh youth. In addition, factors influencing the formation of images in the linguistic consciousness of the experiment participants were analyzed: mass media, customs and traditions, the surrounding environment, school, works of art, and others. It was established that the family plays a primary role in shaping ideas related to spiritual and material culture. The participants also noted the influence of traditions, literature, and culture on their perception and understanding. As a result, it was confirmed that the accumulation of knowledge about the surrounding world and its transmission through linguistic signs occurs based on the interaction of consciousness with various factors.
Paremiological space of language: the concept of “state” (based on the materials of the Kazakh and English languages)
The purpose of the article is to conduct a comparative analysis of the linguistic and cultural representations of the concept “state”within the paremiological frameworks of the Kazakh and English languages. The term “state”denotes a sovereign political entity characterized by defined territorial boundaries, institutional governance, and a collective cultural identity. As the most dominant form of political organization in a modern history, its conceptualization through folk wisdom provides critical anthropological insights. Proverbs, as crystallized expressions of popular ethos transmitted across generations, offer a unique lens to examine how distinct cultures encode sociopolitical values. Furthermore, similar conceptual aspects of the concept of “state”were taken into consideration, selected, and classified in the form of drawings from paremies in the Kazakh and English languages, given that the concept of “state”emerged considerably later and other alternatives were used in informal conversation among the people earlier. The study first establishes the theoretical foundations of conceptual analysis and paremiology, drawing on frameworks from cognitive linguistics (Lakoff’s metaphor theory) and cultural semioyics. Methodologically, it employs contrastive analysis to categorize and compare state —related proverbs from both languages, with data sourced from ethnological archives, literary corpuses (Kazakh oral traditions and English classical texts), and digital paremiological databases. It is noted that the concept of the “state”emerged relatively late in human history, displacing earlier models of clan-based and tribal governance; this historical shift is reflected in how proverbs reinterpret prestate metaphors (such as “the ruler as a shepherd”) to express ideas of statehood. The analysis reveals three core findings: 1) Kazakh paremiology predominantly conceptualized the state through organinc metaphors (e.g. «El birligi — eldin tiregi» (“National unity is the state’s backbone”)), emphasizing communal harmony and territorial stewardship. 2) English proverbs favor mechanistic imagery (e.g., “Laws are the pillars of the state”), highlighting institutional order and legal sovereignty. 3) Cross-cultural parallels emerge in proverbs linking state stability to collective welfare, though cultural priorities diverge: Kazakh traditions prioritize ec ological and kinship bonds, while Anglo-American paremiologies stress individual rights and institutional checks. The study acknowledges limitations, including regional dialectal variations within Kazakh and the underrepresentation of post-colonial contexts in English corpora.
Gender Features in Kazakh Phraseological Expressions: Socio-Cultural Values and Their Linguistic Representation
The article provides a comprehensive analysis of gender-specific features of phraseological expressions in the Kazakh language from linguistic, social, and cultural perspectives. The aim of the study is to identify the linguistic representation of male and female images rooted in the national worldview of the Kazakh people through phraseological units, as well as to determine their role in shaping gender roles and stereotypes. Ge nder is considered not only as a grammatical category but also as a socially significant construct that reflects cultural attitudes through linguistic means. The theoretical foundation is based on J. Butler’s ideas on the performativity of gender as a socio-cultural construct, R. Lakoff’s conclusions on the social conditioning of women’s speech patterns, as well as D. Cameron’s concepts on the interrelation between language and gender relations. The study also draws on the works of domestic researchers exploring gender issues within Kazakh linguistics. The empirical basis of the study is the Phraseological Dictionary of the Kazakh Language by I. Kenesbayev, from which stable expressions representing male and female images were selected. Phraseological units associated with men emphasize courage, strength, leadership, and resilience, while expressions related to women highlight tenderness, beauty, purity, and attractiveness. These features are interpreted as the linguistic reflection of traditional gender roles in Kazakh society. The study revealed the important role of phraseological units in transmitting national and cultural codes and in the intergenerational transfer of values. It has been proven that phraseological expressions function not only as linguistic but also as sociocultural tools that shape gender worldviews, preserve cultural memory, and regulate gender relations within society. Particular attention is given to the functioning of gender oppositions in poetic texts and folklore. In literary examples, the masculine image is constructed through epithets and metaphors, while the female image is associated with lyrical tenderness and plays a key role in shaping the artistic space. Gender-marked phraseological units are viewed as linguistic tools and elements of artistic expression. The materials presented in the a rticle make it possible to trace the interplay between language and culture and to characterize the manifestations of gender consciousness in the national linguistic worldview. Through concrete examples, the study demonstrates how Kazakh phraseology encodes gender structures of culture and social norms by linguistic means. The conducted study opens new perspectives for systematizing the values of national culture through the analysis of linguistic means of gender representation in the Kazakh language.
The Category of Emotivity as a Linguistic Phenomenon: Syntactic Means of Conveying Emotional States
The article considers the category of emotionality as a linguistic phenomenon and analyzes syntactic means of emotion transmission. Emotional syntax is contrasted with logical syntax as the syntax of expressing feelings and the syntax of expressing thoughts. While logical syntax is characterized by normativity, emotional neutrality, grammaticality, and stability, emotive syntax, by contrast, activates figurative thinking and imagination. The main function of emotive syntax is to mix the sensory sphere of the psyche with cognitive and communicative processes. The purpose of the study is to identify the role of emotive syntax in cognitive and communicative processes, to distinguish it from logical syntax, and to describe the features of emotive syntactic structures in the Kazakh language. To achieve this goal, the following tasks were set: to characterize the main categories of emotional syntax and their communicative function; to analyze the structural and functional features of syntactic means of transformation (isolation, transposition, parcellation and other s); to study the implementation of emotive sentences in literary texts and colloquial speech; to systematize the phenomena of emotive syntax in Kazakh linguistics and their cognitive justification. The analysis focuses on such syntactic transformations as isolation, transposition, parcellation, as well as dislocation, inversion, interpolation, reprise, reduction, compression, and reconstruction as means of forming emotive structures. Special attention is given to the functional and pragmatic aspects of these constructions. The results of the study demonstrate the widespread use of emotive-syntactic means in the Kazakh language and their important role in conveying emotions and communicative expressiveness. The research contributes to the advancement of both theoretical and applied aspects of studying linguistic emotionality, reveals the cognitive and pragmatic characteristics of emotive structures, and suggests ways to enhance the effectiveness of emotional expression in language. It is noted that the systematization of emotive syntactic units in Kazakh linguistics remains incomplete, and further research in this area will enrich the methodology of syntactic structure analysis and develop the theoretical foundation of Kazakh linguistics.
Verbalization of the concept of “Happiness” in Kazakh cognition
This article explores the verbalization of the concept of "Happiness" in Kazakh cognition. It analyzes the place occupied by happiness in the worldview of the Kazakh people and how it is reflected in their cognition. Each language possesses its own representative means and vocabulary, which reflect the cultural characteristics and national identity of its people. With the aim of determining the meaning of the concept of “happiness” through proverbs and other linguistic units, the worldview of the nation, its cultural values, and its attitude toward the surrounding world are revealed. In addition, the article examines how the relationship between language and cognition changes under the influence of societal development, historical transformations, and social factors. The role of happiness in an individual’s life and the specifics of its evaluation are also analyzed based on an associative experiment. The main goal of the study is to uncover the meaning of the concept of “Happiness” in the Kazakh language using dictionary data and to demonstrate how it is manifested through national cognition and worldview. The research aims to understand the lifestyle and values of the Kazakh people through the verbalization of this concept in the language. Based on linguistic data, the study seeks to determine the national character of happiness and its role in Kazakh culture. The research materials include articles and works by scholars dedicated to the concept of “Happiness” in ling uistics, philosophy, psychology, sociology, and other fields. As a result of the study, it was established that the concept of “happiness” holds an important place in the national culture of the Kazakh people.
Scientific and theoretical issues of Kazakh speech culture and the state of its pedagogical implementation
The article is devoted to the study of speech culture in Kazakh linguistics and the issues related to its teaching. The establishment of diverse international connections, as well as the development of technologies in the fields of education and science, influence the languages of the world’s peoples. One manifestation of this i nfluence is the impact of linguistic personality on speech culture. In this regard, the main object of research in the article is the conceptual framework of “speech culture”. At present, issues of speech culture, adherence to language norms, and systematic instruction in these aspects within the education system are not given sufficient attention. This highlights the relevance of the study and indicates the need to reflect on the extent of globalization’s impact — whether positive or negative — on the Kazakh language and the speech behavior of the linguistic personality. The purpose of the study is to systematize the scientific and theoretical foundations of Kazakh speech culture, analyze conceptual approaches in Kazakh linguistics, clarify the content of the concept of “speech culture” and determine effective directions of its teaching. The article chronologically examines scientific-theoretical and scientific-methodical works of domestic scientists. The article examines, in chronological order, the scientific-theoretical and scientific-methodological works of domestic scholars dedicated to issues of speech culture — from the first half of the 20th century to the present. The comparative study is based on a theoretical analysis of dozens of scientific works, including those by researchers such as Akhmet Baitursynov, Kudaybergen Zhubanov, Maulen Balakaev, Ismet Kenesbayev, Rabiga Syzdyk, Nurgeldy Uali, Zhanat Dauletbekova, Zhanar Abilkhairova, and others. The article also addresses the historical development and current state of the study of speech culture in Kazakh linguistics. Based on the analysis of theoretical sources, unresolved issues related to speech culture have been identified — particularly problems concerning terminology, definitions, and interpretations of the concept of “speech culture” as proposed by domestic researchers. Furthermore, the state of teaching speech culture is analyzed, emphasizing the importance of this course as an independent discipline within the higher education system. Within the framework of a specially organized experimental study, deviations from the norms of speech culture in students’ oral speech (calques, jargonisms, borrowed words) were identified, the reasons for their usage were analyzed, and quantitative as well as qualitative characteristics were presented. Based on the conducted analysis, conclusions are drawn and recommendations are formulated, which can be utilized in further scientific research in the field of Kazakh linguistics.
Linguocultural aspects of “duty” and “obligation” in Kazakh and English languages
The article examines the linguocultural features of the concepts of “duty” and “obligation” in the context of Kazakh and English-speaking cultures. It analyzes how these concepts are shaped by moral values, social practices, and the historical experience of society. Although the terms themselves are universal, their meanings are largely determined by cultural worldviews and ethical priorities. In Kazakh culture, “duty” (qaryz) and “obligation” (paryz) are closely tied to mutual identity, social cohesion, and strong commitments to family and community. These concepts are not merely transactional; they carry profound moral value, grounded in gratitude, respect, and intergenerational solidarity. An entire world of social norms grows from these principles: mutual assistance, hospitality, and care for others. In English-speaking cultures, where the concepts of “duty” and “obligation” also carry moral weight, they are more often associated with personal responsibility, legal duty, and the fulfillment of contractual obligations. Accordingly, their lexical expressions in English tend to represent a self-orientation to a greater extent, stressing personal duty, rights, and autonomy as against collective responsibility. Within the framework of this study, a comparative semantic and contextual analysis will be applied to investigate how these cultural models are encoded linguistically and how they influence behavior and expectations of interpersonal relationships in different sociocultural contexts. It has been shown that the notions of “duty” and “obligation” in Kazakh culture are tied to cooperation, clan and family structure, principles of mutual assistance, and respect for elders’ rights. In contrast, the notions are strongly associated with personal responsibility, legal duties in English culture. Such differences affect value orientations, interpersonal relations, and behavior models. Studying such concepts through linguocultural analysis enhances the effectiveness of intercultural communication and promotes mutual understanding.
The National-Cultural Code is a Phenomenon that Makes Up Linguistic Consciousness (Based on the Kazakh and Turkish Languages)
The article explores in detail the interaction between humans and nature in the process of achieving material and spiritual values that form the unique culture of each society. Due to its dynamic, collective, and systemic nature, the cultural knowledge accumulated by society from the past to the present is preserved within cultural memory. The transmission of this knowledge from generation to generation is carried out through language. The language of each nation has different codes that encrypt data. This cultural information plays a key role in the study and recognition of various nationalities and their cultures. The scientific and practical significance of this work lies in the function of cultural codes. These universal and national values are called “cultural codes”. At the end of the 20th century, linguistic research began to shift from structural approaches to those based on an anthropological perspective. This direction opened the way for examining language and culture as closely interconnected phenomena. At the intersection of these two fields, new sub-disciplines emerged within linguistics. Within this context, new theories and findings arose in the fields of linguoculturology and cognitive linguistics, reflecting the relationship between language, culture, and cognition. On this basis, the main purpose of the article is to analyze cultural codes reflecting the worldview, mentality, national and cultural values of the Kazakh and Turkish people. The study focuses on the characteristics of the national-cultural code in Kazakh and Turkish languages. The following methods are used in the article: generalization, classification, interpretation and analysis. As a result of the study, the linguistic features of the nationalcultural codes in the Kazakh and Turkish languages were analyzed, and their common and specific characteristics were identified. The value of this work lies in its contribution to the development of contemporary Kazakh linguoculturology through the classification of cultural codes in the Kazakh and Turkic languages.
Transformation of the bori archetype in modern Kazakh prose
In the context of globalization, psychoanalytic analysis of national ethno -cultural archetypes is becoming a relevant area of scientific research. This includes an appeal to the author’s concept and the collective unconscious in artistic creation, as well as the study of the problem of preserving national identity from the perspective of archetypal literary criticism. In the course of the study, a comparison was made between literary texts from Kazakh and world literature that contain totemic representations related to ethno-cultural archetypes, with the aim of identifying the transformation of the image of the bori (wolf) archetype through its correlation with totemic motifs of world mythology. For the theoretical foundation of the study, works by both domestic and foreign scholars dedicated to archetypes and totems were analyzed, in particular the totem of the bori, including its color, visual, and symbolic representations. The empirical base consisted of works of Kazakh prose from the Independence period, as well as classic texts of world literature. The image of the bori archetype is examined through the lens of archetypal literary criticism, relying on mythological and folklore texts, artistic works, as well as national beliefs and representations. The research reveals new academic insights by examining the re-emergence and reconstruction of the bori archetype in creative writing as a continuation of mythological traditions. Theoretical concepts from scholars such as C.G. Jung, P. Radin, E. Neumann, C. Vogler, and C. Estés formed the methodological foundation for comparing Kazakh folklore with global mythology. The images of the bori in the works of M. Magauin, Sh. Murtaza, A. Altay, as well as in foreign literature, were analyzed. The article employs methods of archetypal literary criticism and psychoanalytic interpretation to identify the reasons for the appeal to the bori archetype in the author’s concept. The bori archetype is presented as a totemic symbol embodying the archetypes of the soul, spirit, and Great Mother in Kazakh literature, as well as various types of archetypes in world literature. Special attention is given to its manifestations as a totem, a magical force, a chthonic being, and a trickster in ancient mythologies, highlighting their similarities and differences with contemporary artistic images. As a result, it is established that the wolf archetype functions in the culture of the nomadic Kazakh people as a stable “cultural canon” anchored in the collective unconscious.
The Image of a Woman: A Comparative Analysis of the Novels by Myrzhakyp Dulatov “Unhappy Jamal” and Takeo Arishima “A Certain Woman”
This article presents a comparative analysis of the main female characters in the novels “Unhappy Jamal”by Myrzhakyp Dulatov and “A Certain Woman” by Takeo Arishima, with the aim of identifying typological similarities and differences. Special attention is given to the historical, social, and cultural contexts in which the analyzed works were created. In addition, emphasis is placed on the journalistic activities of the novelists, which reflect their worldview and creative stance, allowing for a deeper understanding of the authors’ intentions and a more nuanced interpretation of the main heroines. The aim of the study is to identify the common and distinctive features of the novels “Unhappy Jamal” by M. Dulatov and “A Certain Woman” by T. Arishima through the lens of their main female characters. To achieve this goal, the research examines the characteristics of the cultural and historical context, reveals similarities and differences in the authors’ views and socio-ethical perspectives, determines the extent to which social modernization and European literature influenced their work, and explores typological parallels and divergences in the treatment of the theme of women. The research methods include comparative, cultural-historical, and historical-functional approaches, as well as contextual analysis, along with semantic, interpretative, and gender-based methods. These approaches make it possible to analyze the functioning of literature within a specific historical period and to uncover the semantics of the main female characters in the novels under study. The relevance of this study lies in the importance of examining literary connections between national literatures and identifying both the common and the unique elements in their historical development. The article broadens the understanding of the patterns through which the sociocultural context influences the evolution of literary genres, themes, and issues in the works of writers who operated in different countries but under similar cultural and historical conditions. The scientific novelty of this article lies in its comparative analysis of the works of two authors who stood at the origins of the emergence of new national literatures during a period of radical social transformation, cultural paradigm shifts, and changes in national identity. The application of new trends in modern comparative literary studies has made it possible to reveal new facets of the analyzed novels. The results of the study demonstrate the productivity of comparative analysis not only in identifying typological parallels, but also in more clearly highlighting the uniqueness of both novels, the specific features of the literary processes in Japan and Kazakhstan, and the ongoing modernization of society at the beginning of the twentieth century. The findings of this article may serve as a foundation for further research into literary interrelations within the framework of comparative studies.
Genre features of detective novels in contemporary Kazakh literature
This article addresses the issues of genre characteristics of detective novellas in modern Kazakh literature. This article examines the issues related to the genre-specific features of detective novellas in contemporary Kazakh literature. The authors analyze how the detective genre entered Kazakh literature, as well as the main stages of its development and formation. The study explores the social and psychological aspects of Kazakh detective works, the plot structure, and the distinctive characteristics of the protagonists. The article substantiates the necessity for contemporary Kazakh writers to use the detective genre while preserving national traditions and distinctive features. New themes and issues are also addressed. Based on the conducted research, it is suggested that modern Kazakh detective fiction, while exploring complex social phenomena — such as crime, investigation, justice, and manipulation — will also offer profound philosophical reflections. In addition, the article explores the challenges and opportunities faced by the genre in the course of its development and expansion. As part of the study, detective novellas such as «Burylysqa jarty qadam qalğanda» (“Half a Step to the Turn”) by A. Aimagambetov (2023), «Shymkenttegi shyrğalan» (“Confusion in Shymkent”) by M. Anarbekuly (2021), «Ekeudiñ köleñkesi» (“The Shadow of Two”) by A. Khondzha (2021), as well as «Adiutory» (“Adjutors”) by Ye. Paevskaya — works that became laureates of the national detective fiction competition — are analyzed. The study employed methods of comparison, systematization, genretypological, historical-comparative, and analytical analysis. The works were compared and examined from a genre-typological perspective, with particular attention given to detective novellas featuring mystical elements and captivating events. Applying George Dove’s framework on the stages of detective genre development, the following conclusions were drawn: detective novellas in contemporary Kazakh literature are acquiring new directions and genre-specific distinctions. The analysis revealed how the detective genre entered Kazakh literature, what features it possesses, and how it is currently evolving. The inclusion of mystical el ements and gripping plot twists gives the detective genre a new dimension and makes it more appealing to readers. In the works of Kazakh writers, classical features of the genre are harmoniously combined with n ational traditions. This study contributes to the further development of the detective genre in Kazakh literature, as well as to a deeper understanding and exploration of it.
Totemic beliefs and animalistic images in literature
The article examines the concept of totemism in Kazakh literature. A comprehensive analysis is conducted on its connection with the genre of animalistic literature in literary studies, the level of research, its harmony with myths, features, methods of creation, and manifestations of totemism. The analysis is carried out in a scholarly style, illustrated with examples from Kazakh worldview. Additionally, the comparative method is widely applied, based on scholars’ opinions regarding these terms in global literary studies. The article demonstrates, through examples, that there have been differing viewpoints among world scholars on totemic consciousness, as well as differences and similarities in the totemic knowledge of various peoples. Using the historical-comparative method, the similarities in worldviews of peoples around the world in their beliefs are studied. It is argued that totemism has influenced many social communities, nations, and tribes, contributing to their psychology, cultural traditions, and ethnic behavior. The origins and genesis of animalistic images, formed alongside the emergence of totemic beliefs, are analyzed based on historical facts. The ways of crea ting animalistic images in Kazakh literature are considered in conjunction with the Kazakh worldview. In K azakh literature, the animal world is so deeply integrated with Kazakh existence that, through the approach of anthropomorphism, the qualities, existence, and nature of animals, compared with human beings, are reflected and described both in Kazakh and world literature in general. Totemic concepts underlying animalistic images in our national literature were originally named after tribes and contributed to tribal unity. These, tran sformed, became the sacred ancestors of each clan and turned into totemic lineages. Hence, the notion of sacredness arose, which in naming people passed into significance. Special attention in the article is given to this issue: based on historical data, representations of the presence of swords, buzzing sounds, saddles, belts, daggers with images of totemic animals (mountain goat, ram, horse, camel, wolf, lion, dragon, deer, crow, eagle, etc.) are analyzed.
Historical Context and the Fate of the Hero in the Works of Akyn Alakanuly
This article provides a comprehensive analysis of the works of one of the distinctive writers of contemporary Kazakh prose — Akyn Alakanuly, in the context of ethnocultural translocation and postcolonial discourse. The focus is placed on the artistic system, thematic direction, and character imagery, all closely linked to historical reality. In the author’s works such as «Aq äje» (“White Grandmother”), «Ala ayğyrdıñ aqyry» (“The End of the Dappled Stallion”), «Qara baytaldyñ qasireti» (“The Tragedy of the Black Mare”), and «Ört şalğan jürek» (“A Heart Engulfed in Flames”), one can trace an artistic reflection on the socio-historical events of the colonial and postcolonial periods and their impact on the characters’ destinies. The characters in these works are portrayed not only as witnesses of an era but also as guardians of historical memory and d efenders of national spirit. For instance, in the short story «Qara baytaldyñ qasireti» (“The Tragedy of the Black Mare”), the personal tragedy of the protagonist reveals the consequences of cultural rupture between generations. The author’s methodology is based on the combination of historical facts with elements of psychological depth, while the chronotopic structure of the narrative establishes a dialogue between the past and the present. In the novella «Ört şalğan jürek» (“A Heart Engulfed in Flames”), the writer explores the resilience of the Kazakh people, and the polyphonic narrative structure reflects the idea of social pluralism. The author’s stance, aligned with postcolonial theory, is built on the dialectic of “subjugation” and “freedom”, with the protagonists’ actions aimed at overcoming the legacy of the colonial past, even as they confront new challenges under globalization. The article examines the synthesis of historical fact and artistic imagination, as well as the blending of social realism with symbolic representation. Special attention is given to the creation of artistic images of Kazakhs living abroad and their efforts to pr eserve national identity away from their historical homeland. The analysis also addresses narrative structure, the system of cultural codes and symbols, as well as landscape and psychological details. The author’s narrative style, textual space, and methods for constructing psychological portraits are explored. Through the inner worlds of the characters, questions of national self-awareness, the consequences of colonial oppression, and the significance of historical justice are revealed. Particular attention is paid to the interaction between author and reader, as well as to the specifics of text perception. Thus, Akyn Alakanuly’s work underscores his importance in the contemporary literary pr ocess and spiritual-cultural sphere. His artistic strategy maintains a balance between the revival of the national narrative and critical reflection on social transformations, contributing to the development of postcolonial aesthetics in modern Kazakh literature.